Complex Squaring

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This animation shows the action of the complex squaring function ƒ(z) = z2 in the complex plane. (See notes below.)


If z = x + i y is a complex number, with x and y both real, then z2 = (x2y2) + 2 i x y. This animation shows how to visualize the squaring function as a continuous deformation of the identity function id(z) = z into the squaring function. This deformation is given by H(t, z) = (1 – t) z + t z2, with t changing continuously from 0 at the beginning to 1 at the end. (12/01/07)