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Elizabeth George 
Speare
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Elizabeth George Speare


The Witch of Blackbird Pond
NY: Dell, 1958. 223 p. ISBN: 0-440-99577-9.
Amazon.com: The Witch of Blackbird Pond

Thesis:
"I do not believe a historical novel should gloss over the pain and ugliness. But I do believe that the hero . . . should on the last page . . . still be standing, with the strength to go to whatever the future may hold." online

Language Style:
Lesson Plan
Chapter Journal for Language Style of The Witch of Blackbird Pond
Exit Slip for style of The Witch of Blackbird Pond

Characters:
Katherine ("Kit") Tyler: orphaned in Barbados, raised by her wealthy grandfather, Sir Francis Tyler; in 1687, four months after her grandfather dies, she seeks a home with Puritan relatives in Wethersfield, Connecticut
Nathaniel ("Nat") Eaton: son of the captain of the Dolphin; marries Kit
Matthew Wood: Kit's uncle in Wethersfield
Rachel Wood: Kit's mother's sister
Judith Wood: daughter of Mathew and Rachel Wood; marries William Ashby
Mercy Wood: lame, but the "pivot" of her family; marries John Holbrook
John Holbrook: aspiring clergyman
Reverend Gershom Bulkeley: a royalist, critical of Matthew Wood's opposition to Governor Andros; John Holbrook's mentor
William Ashby: a royalist; a wealthy bachelor, William chooses to court Kit, but marries Judith Wood
Hannah Tupper: the "witch of Blackbird Pond"
Goodman Adam Cruff: formally accuses Kit of witchcraft, but rescinds the court order
Goodwife Cruff: resident of Wethersfield, antagonist to Kit
Prudence Cruff: an abused child, befriended by Kit, Nat, and Hannah
Eleazer Kimberly: a Wethersfield Education supervisor, reprimands Kit for innovative teaching

Plot:
"Who was there anywhere who could help her?
John Holbrook, perhaps. In his quiet way he had a sort of strength and conviction. They might have listened to John. But he was far away in the wilderness of Massachusetts.
Nat Eaton? He was halfway down the river and banished from town as well.
William? Why of course! William could help her. . . . The thought steadied her. She thought of him coming to champion her, confident, unruffled, those wide dependable shoulders like a fortress between her and the angry face of Goodwife Cruff. Dear dependable William! Perhaps he would come tonight. Kit drew a deep breath, and sitting on the floor, her knees drawn tight against her chest, she waited for William."
(183; cf. 54, 56, 108-09)

Title
"Only a few feet away a woman was sitting watching her, a very old woman with short-cropped white hair and faded, almost colorless eyes set deep in an incredibly wrinkled face.... Those thin stooped shoulders, that tattered gray shawl – this was the queer woman from Blackbird Pond – Hannah Tupper, the witch! The girl stared, horror-struck, at the odd-shaped scar on the woman's forehead. Was it the devil's mark? ... The woman peered up at her. Her eyes, almost lost in the folds of leathery wrinkles, had a humorous gleam. A toothless smile crinkled her cheeks.... Whatever this queer little woman might be, she was certainly harmless, and unexpectedly appealing.... The little hut with its sparsely thatched roof sagged in one corner.... Hannah had set a wooden trencher on the table with a small corncake studded with blueberries, and beside it a gourd filled with yellow goat's milk.... Outside the house, against a sheltered wall to the south, a single stalk of green thrust upwards, with slender rapierlike leaves and one large scarlet blossom.... Hannah Tupper was far from being a witch, but certainly she had worked a magic charm. In one short hour she had conjured away the rebellion that had been seething in the girl's mind for weeks. Only one thing must be done before Kit could truly be at peace, and without speaking a word Hannah had given her the strength to do it. Straight up Broad Street she walked, up the path to a square frame house, and knocked boldly on the door of Mr. Eleazer Kimberly." (85-91)
"There was a pleasant humming sound in the small cabin. Hannah sat before her small flax wheel, her foot moving briskly on the treadle.... She reached down and scooped up the sleeping cat from the floor, settling its limp weight in her lap and tickling the soft chin until a contented purr almost matched the hum of the spinning wheel. The late afternoon sun slanted through the open door and fell across Hannah's gnarled hands as they moved swiftly and surely. Peace flowed into Kit. She felt warm and happy.... There, unbelievably, was Nathaniel Eaton, the captain's son, leaning easily against the doorpost.... Hannah's face crinkled up with pleasure.... It was not just coral trinkets and flower bulbs that this seafaring friend of Hannah's brought from afar!" (96-101)
"'You know the path that leads from South Road over to Blackbird Pond?' Prudence gulped. 'The witch lives down there!'" (105)
"Kit ... stole down the stairs again and took a winding path through the back Meadow to Blackbird Pond.... Why hadn't she remembered that ever since he was eight years old Nat had been finding his way to Blackbird Pond through devious meadow routes? Hannah knew that no threats could keep Nat from coming again.... Kit ... had plunged headlong into the only other reading matter available, Hannah's tattered Bible. Kit had chosen the Psalms to begin with, and slowly, syllable by syllable, Prudence was spelling out the lines, while Hannah sat listening, her own lips often moving with the child's in the lines she remembered and could no longer read." (153-59)
"She would have to get Hannah. No matter what happened, she could not stay here and leave Hannah to face that mob alone.... She had never before seen the Meadow by moon light.... She ... saw ahead the deep shining pool that was Blackbird Pond and a faint reddish glow that must be Hannah's window.... Kit succeeded in half dragging the sobbing woman through the underbrush.... The crowd had reached the cottage now.... Hannah was exhausted; all her strength seemed to have died with the dying flames of her house.... If she could not attract their notice the Dolphin would sail past down the river and their chance would be gone.... All at once she was sobbing and babbling like a three-year-old, about the witch hunt, and the chase through the cornfield, and the man who had come so close. Nat's hands closed over hers hard and steady.... Still dazed, Hannah accepted the miracle and the prospect of a journey like a docile child." (165-73)

Chapter 1 (7-18)
Kit travels aboard the brigantine Dolphin on its way from Barbados to Connecticut Colony in mid-April of 1687. Taking pity on Prudence Cruff, who drops her doll in the Saybrook harbor, Kit dives in to retrieve the doll but alarms the Puritans, especially Prudence's mother, who thinks the ability to swim is a sign of being a witch. John Holbrook, an aspiring Puritan clergyman, acknowledges Kit's kind intentions but warns her of Wethersfield prujudices. Nat explains that the "witch's trial" determines a suspect to be innocent if unable to swim, a witch if able to survive the dunking.

Chapter 2 (19-31)
Nat asserts that the "good honest stink of horses" on the Dolphin is preferable to the shame of transporting slaves. Goodwife Cruff insists that Kit is not welcome around Prudence. Nat accompanies Kit to the home of her Uncle Matthew and Aunt Rachel Wood.

Chapter 3 (31-39)
Kit meets her gray-haired Aunt Rachel, who was beautiful in her youth. As Nat leaves, he warns, "Remember ... only the guilty ones stay afloat." Matthew Wood is shocked to find that Kit has arrived, intending to live with them, but without writing first.

Chapter 4 (39-49)
As Kit unpacks, she gives gloves to her relatives, a peacock blue dress to Judith, a light blue wool shawl to Mercy, a bonnet to Aunt Rachel. Matthew Wood, returning briefly from his work, scolds Kit for her "vanity." Mercy explains that Kit will have to prove that she can be "useful."

Chapter 5 (50-57)
Kit angers Matthew by refusing to go to Sabbath Meeting, claiming she was accustomed to attending Anglican divine service, but generally only Christmas Mass. He has no answer to her readiness to go in a flowered silk dress, inappropriate attire in Matthew's view, but Kit notices others at the meeting similarly dressed. Judith responds with envy. At the town square, Kit discovers the Meeting House, the pillory, a whipping post, and stocks. At the Puritan service, Matthew, a deacon, "lines" the psalm. William Ashby is charmed by Kit's smile, and Judith enviously thinks he was charmed by her dress.

Chapter 6 (58-64)
Invited for dinner with Matthew and Rachel Wood, Reverend Gershom Bulkeley confronts Matthew Wood about his opposition to Governor Andros. Kit is charmed by John's rhythmic reading, conveying "the beauty of the ancient Hebrew verses." To Judith's dimay, her father announces that William Ashby has asked permission to court Kit, so Judith determines to marry John Holbrook.

Chapter 7 (64-71)
William was given three acres of choice land at the age of sixteen, and he has determined to not start building his house until he has decided who he wants to marry. William announces that he has been cutting oak trees to begin building in the fall. Kit begins to enjoy William's visits because he seems to understand Kit's aversion to "the work of slaves."

Chapter 8 (71-77)
Out to weed the onions growing in the Meadow, Kit notices a little house with smoke curling from the chimney, and Judith tells her it belongs to Hannah Tupper, a widow who many think is a witch. Kit returns home to find Mercy excited about conducting a dame school during the summer months. Kit tells Mercy that she overheard Judith saying that a boy would be preferable to Kit, so Mercy explains that Matthew and Rachel's first child was a boy, and that a fever killed the boy and left Mercy lame. Another boy died when only one week old, and this second loss of a son affected Matthew's personality.

Chapter 9 (77-91)
Kim indulges in some innovative teaching, creating rhymes using the children's names, telling stories at the end of the day to reward them for good behavior, and then dramatizing the Good Samaritan. The robbers in the drama happen to dislike the boy chosen to be the victim, and the drama becomes chaos. Mr. Eleazer Kimberley and Reverend John Woodbridge, who have come to inspect the school, witness this scene and threaten to close the school. Distressed, Kim runs out into the Meadow, where Hannah Tupper soothes Kit and treats her to blueberry corncake and goat's milk. Kit notices that Hannah has a piece of coral brought by a seafaring friend, and Hannah shows Kit a single scarlet flower brought as a bulb from the Cape of Good Hope from this seafaring friend. With hope restored, Kit dares to discuss her teaching problem with Eleazer Kimberley.

Chapter 10 (91-102)
Rachel explains to Kit that the malicious gossip in Wethersfield about Hannah Tupper being a witch is because she is a Quaker. Quakers were sometimes hanged in Boston, but Hannah Tupper and her husband Thomas were branded and exiled from Massachusetts. Kit decides that talk about a Quaker woman would be too much for conversation with William, and she realizes that John would have been influenced by Dr. Bulkeley. Kit discovers that Hannah's seafaring friend is Nat, who discovered Hannah when he was eight years old and lost in the Meadow.

Chapter 11 (102-12)
Prudence Cruff has been bringing flowers to Kit at "school"; her father wants her to attend the school, but her mother insists Prudence is "too stupid," so the best Prudence can do is stand outside and listen. Kit persuades Prudence to meet her out in the Meadow by Blackbird Pond for reading lessons, and Kit takes Prudence to meet Hannah. Back at the house, Kit reacts irritably to William's discussions of house building, but Judith enjoys this topic. Kit notices that Mercy is in love with John Holbrook.

Chapter 12 (112-21)
Kit finds Nat out at Hannahs preparing firewood for her, and Kit helps him thatch Hannah's roof. Kit and Nat discover a common interest in Shakespeare's The Tempest. Kit returns home to find William has been waiting, and when she explains the delay was caused by thatching Hannah's roof, Matthew forbids Kit to ever go to Hannah's again, explaining that Hannah is a heretic and is not to be given charity without repenting of her sin. Mercy assures Kit that Hannah will be fine with "that seaman" to help her.

Chapter 13 (122-33)
At the husking bee, Judith contrives to display an ear of red corn and get William Ashby to "claim his forfeit." Meanwhile at Blackbird Pond, Prudence is voraciously reading. On the way back from Hannah's to her aunt's home, Kit meets John Holbrook, who informs Kit that twice Hannah has been accused of witchcraft. When Kit discovers that John Holbrook is in love with Mercy, she "could dance a jig." Pondering the matter, Kit realizes that Judith "has set her cap" for John. When John tells Judith he has something to talk about with her father, Judith contrives for her father to understand that John wants to court her, frustrating his plans to announce his desire to marry Mercy. When William suggests a formal courtship, Kit dissuades him, claiming she is "a stranger" with much to learn.

Chapter 14 (133-39)
Kit happens to "eavesdrop" on her uncle, near the garden patch and gazing out toward the river and the autumn fields. A "lonely defiant figure in the garden," he scoops up some garden soil and fondles it "with a curious reverence," as though it were "a priceless substance," then crumble the soil "in a sudden passionate gesture." Kit and Judith go out to meet a trading ship, which happens to be Dolphin. Nat asks Kit to deliver a package of woolen cloth to Hannah, then with "biting mockery" informs Kit that William ordered from England sixteen diamond-paned windows for the house for his bride, "a hoity-toity young lady from Barbados." "No oiled paper in her windows, no indeed!" he exclaims. Judith complains that this "common riverman" has bad manners, but Kit is relieved by the distraction at home occasioned by Governor Andros' intentions to rescind the Connecticut charter.

Chapter 15 (139-48)
Dismayed by the British threat to their "free commonwealth," Matthew is now joined by William, who is disturbed by higher taxes on his land. Other issues are taking oaths "on the Holy Book" in court and fear of being ordered "to kneel and whine tunes like their Church of England." William, a member of the Hartford militia, announces that Connecticut has been annexed to Massachusetts, but the charter has "disappeared" on All Hallows Eve.

Chapter 16 (148-60)
Nat is in prison because on All Hallows Eve he was involved in a prank that involved "illuminating" William Ashby's house with jack-o-lanterns. Kit goes out to the Common and witnesses Nat's treatment while in the stocks. When Kit delivers Nat's package to Hannah, she discovers that Hannah was once in the stocks, too. Hannah is confident that,although Nat has been exiled, he will find "devious routes" through the swamps to visit her. Hannah warns Kit that escape from the Wood family to William in a loveless marriage would be no escape at all. Prudence says Nat has been listening to her read when they were together at Blackbird Pond. Kit has been using the Psalms in Hannah's tattered Bible for Prudence's reading lessons, and she has taught Prudence to write her name. John enlists as a medical assistant in the militia and volunteers to join the campaign against Indians in Massachusetts. When Judith objects to John's growing resistance to Gershom Bulkeley's defense of Governor Andros, Mercy defends John. The root of the problem for Judith is the interruption in her plans for a house and marriage. Judith pouts, "Now he has spoiled everything!"

Chapter 17 (160-75)
A high fever spreads through Wethersfield, and Judith becomes ill; medical treatment is bleeding and a roasted toad potion. Kit experiences a mild case, but Mercy becomes seriously ill. Kit becomes significantly helpful during this crisis, assuming responsibility for cooking and laundry. Dr. Bulkeley, previously unwelcome in the Wood home, prescribes a boiled onion poultice, prepared by Kit. A witch-hunting mob accuses Kit as well as Hannah of witchcraft. Kit slips away to warn Hannah, and she arrives just in time to rescue Hannah from a mob that sets Hannah's house in flames. Kit takes Hannah to the Dolphin, and Nat rescues Hannah's cat and provides a refuge for Hannah with relatives in Saybrook. Kit chooses to return to her relatives at Wethersfield.

Chapter 18 (175-86)
As Judith and Mercy are recouperating from their serious illness, Matthew Wood expresses appreciation for Kit's efforts, as though she were a daughter, and Kit determines to her share to support the family. A Wethersfield delegation – a church deacon, the town constable, and Goodman Cruff and his wife – confronts Kit with his formal accusation of witchcraft. Goodwife Cruff claims that Hannah was changed into the mouse seen in the mouth of Hannah's yellow cat and that she has transferred "her work" to Kit. They found Kit's hornbook near Hannah's house, and when Goodman Cruff suggests that the hornbook is inscribed with "the devil's own writing," the constable corrects, "Has the Lord's Prayer on it." Kit spends the night in the constable's shed. When Kit asks the constable what they'll likely do to her, he suggests they might brand her or cut off an ear. Terrified, she hopes William will come to save her, but Rachel comes to comfort her. Kit realizes she has undermined Matthew's authority by disobeying him, and she worries about the consequences of her influence on Prudence Cruff.

Chapter 19 (186-201)
At the Town House, Captain Talcott conducts the hearing to determine if Kit is to go to trial at Hartford. Kit is charged thus: "Katherine Tyler, thou art here accused that not having the fear of God before thine eyes thou has had familiarity with Satan the grand enemy of God and man, and that by his instigation and help thou hast in a preternatural way afflicted and done harm to the bodies and estates of sundry of His Magesty's subjects, in the third year of His Majesty's reign, for which by the law of God and the the law of the Colony thou deservest to die." Kit is accused of being heir to Hannah's presumed witchcraft and caused illness in the colony. Nat Eaton shows up, with Prudence Cruff. Prudence is invited to testify, and she demonstrates her ability to write her name and to read the Bible. Goodman Adam Cruff, delighted by his daughter's intelligence and ability to read the Bible to him, dismisses his wife'd further accusations and dismisses his charges against Kit.

Chapter 20 (201-13)
William and Kit agree that marriage is not appropriate for them. Thinking that John Holbrook has died, William and Judith pair up. John Holbrook returns after his ordeal, and falls on Mercy's lap.

Chapter 21 (214-23)
Judith marries William, and Mercy marries John Holbrook. Realizing Nat Eaton's effort to rescue her even at such risk to himself since he had been exiled, Kit responds with love for Nat and decides to search for him. When they meet, Nat has become the owner of his own ship, the Witch, and they make plans for life together.

Reviews:

Nadeau, Frances A. "Fiction as a springboard to U.S. history research projects." The Social Studies 85.5 (Sept-Oct 1994): 222-24.
Speare, Elizabeth, Witch of Blackbird Pond (Dell, 1958).
"After the death of her grandfather, Kit Tyler leaves the large Barbados plantation to live with her only relatives, an aunt and uncle in Connecticut. Kit arrives with seven trunks of colorful gowns and faces a difficult adjustment to the somber Puritan society. Food is scarce. Kit lacks competence in cleaning and farm chores. Her solace lies in the meadows near Blackbird Pond where she meets Hannah Tupper, a Quaker, who is regarded as a witch. Kit relates the prejudice of early New England as she becomes caught up in a witchcraft trial.
"Topics:
Puritans and Puritanism
Sir Edmund Andros (1637-1714)
Witchhunt
The Connecticut Charter
Dame School
Early history of Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford, Connecticut"

Schwebel, S.L. "Historical Fiction and the Classroom: History and Myth in Elizabeth George Speares The Witch of Blackbird Pond." Children's Literature in Education 34.3 (Sept 2003): 195-218.
"First published in 1958, Elizabeth George Speare's Newbery award-winning novel The Witch of Blackbird Pond remains an immensely popular teaching tool in U.S. social studies classrooms today. Speare's story – which describes the challenges an orphaned daughter of wealthy Barbadian planters faces when she begins life anew in the Puritan colony of Connecticut in 1687 – continues to capture educators' attention because it emphasizes themes such as tolerance of difference, abhorrence of slavery, support of heterodoxy, and a commitment to liberty, justice, and freedom that bolster contemporary American values. But while literary critics have praised the book's historical accuracy, The Witch of Blackbird Pond, like all works of historical fiction, reinterprets the past. In reinterpreting the events of 1680s Connecticut, Speare reveals much about the McCarthy-era 1950s in which she wrote, and indeed, much about the issues and concerns capturing 21st-century educators' attention. As this article argues, both teachers and students would benefit from examining the ways in which history and myth interact in the novel, creating a rich commentary on the 17th-century past, the 1950s in which Speare wrote, and today's 21st-century present."

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