The Romantic Era - Outline Sheet

Romanticism

subjectivity
expression of personal feelings and emotions

interest in nature, the spiritual, and the supernatural

boundlessness (pursuit of the sublime, the infinite)

program music

Revolution

Napoleon

Romantic dualities

words and music
composer and audience

invididual and crowd

professional and amateur

sacred and secular

urban and rural

national and cosmopolitan

Opera in the first half of the 19th century

Opéra comique

Luigi Cherubini (1760-1842)
Les deux journées
social injustices
spoken dialogue

melodrama

Étienne-Nicolas Méhul

"reminiscence" motives ("motto" theme)

Grand Opera

L’Opera
crowd scenes and spectacle

historical settings

conflicting forces over which humans have no control

Gaspare Spontini (1774-1851)

La Vestale (1807)

Music in Autro-Germanic lands

Gesamtkunstwerk (Johann Herder)
"magic" Singspiel

Carl Maria von Weber (1786-1826)

Concert pieces
Musikdirektor of Dresden

Der Freischutz (1821)

melodrama
"Wolf’s Glen scene"

Music in Italy

Giochino Rossini (1792-1868)
self-borrowing
1813

Tancredi
L’italiana in Algeri

cabeletta

stretta

breeches roles

Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816)

Rossini crescendo

La Cenerentola (1817)

Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)

bel canto

Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)

La sonnambula (1831)
Norma (1831)

bel canto lyricism

dramatic tension

Lieder

Franz Peter Schubert (1797-1828)
school teacher
Lieder

strophic
modified strophic

through-composed

scena

Song cycle

Winterreise

Impromptus

cantabile melody

Other chamber works

Orchestral works

Luise Reichardt (1779-1826)

Songs and choral pieces

Frédéric Chopin (1810-49)

Warsaw Conservatory
piano concerti

La cì darem la mano variations

Musical characteristics

free use of dissonance
sostenuto pedal

tempo rubato

Preludes

Études

Nocturnes

Felix Mendelssohn (Bartholdy) (1809-47)

Berlin
Mendelssohn circle

Berlin Singsakademie

Bach’s St. Matthew Passion

Leipzig conservatory

Classical composer

symphonies
overtures

concerti

chamber music

Lieder ohne Worte

Elijah (1846)

Ophicleide

Fanny Hensel (1804-47)

musicales
Leider

Goethe, Heine, Müller, Eichendorff

Robert Schumann (1810-56)

Right hand

Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (1835-)

Song cycles

Frauenliebe und -leben
Dichterliebe

Character pieces

Carnaval

Chamber music

Symphonies

Lieder

Clara Wieck (1819-96)

Frederick Wieck
Gewandhaus

Lieder and character pieces

Niccolò Pagganini (1782-1840)

techniques
richochet bowings
left-hand pizzicato

double-stop harmonics

single string playing

technical wizardry

beautiful tone

Grand Opera

Giocomo Meyerbeer (1791-1864)
Robert le diable (1831)
Les Huguenots (1836)

Georges Bizet

Carmen (1873-4)

Louis-Hector Berlioz (1803-69)

(romance)
Grand traité d'instrumentation et d'orchestration modernes (1843)

Symphonie fantastique (1830)

idée fixe
thematic transformation

"A Witches' Sabbath"

Dies irae

La damation de Faust

Mémoires

Italian Opera

Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)
Don Pasquale (1843)
vocal line (bel canto)

Vincenzo Bellini (1801-1835)

La sonnambula (1831)
Norma (1831)

bel canto lyricism

dramatic tension

Music in North America

European professionals
Handel and Haydn Society

Lowell Mason

Concertizing visitors

Ole Bull (1810-80)
Jenny Lind (1820-87)

Two types of American music

popular music
Lowell Mason (1792-1872)
1200 hymns
Father of American music education

Männerchor

Stephen Collins Foster (1826-64)

Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829-69)

art music based on European models

Charles Hommann (1800-40)
William Fry (1813-64)

George Bristow (1825-98)

Richard Wagner (1813-83)

Rienzi (1837-40)
conductor at Dresden

Tannhäuser (1842-45)
Lohengrin (1845-8)

The Artwork of the Future (1849)

Wagner tubas

Der Ring des Nibelungen (1848-74)

Bayreuth festival

Tristan und Isolde (1857-59)

Der Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1845-61)

Leitmotifs

endless melody

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)

Francesco Piave
librettist

Viva Vittorio Emanuele, Re D’Italia (VERDI)

Four periods

works concerned with heroism
works relating to personal life

Il trovatore (1853)
La traviata (1853)

works showing French influence

masterworks based on Shakespeare

Otello
continuous music drama

Falstaff

Franz Liszt (1811-86)

virtuoso pianist
solo recital

Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein

composer

virtuosic works for piano
Transcendental Études
character pieces

three piano concerti

symphonic poems

Les préludes

Eine Faust-Symphonie

historical musicology

Ethnomusicology

Johannes Brahms (1833-97)

concert pianist
Joseph Joachim

Ein deutches Requiem (1869)

royalty contracts

works

works for piano
four symphonies

two piano concerti

Violin Concerto

choral works (Ein deutches Requiem - 1857-68)

Nationalism

Elements of nationalism
folksong revival
national elements as accessory to a cosmopolitan style

national elements as subjects for a composition

Russia

Might Handful (Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov)
Mily Balakirev (1837-1906)
César Cui (1835-1918)

Modest Musorgsky (1839-81)

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908)

Alexander Borodin (1833-87)

Principles

valued Russian folk music
ignored German techniques

favored program music

used realism

Modest Musorgsky (1839-81)

Boris Godunov (1868)
Russian subject for the opera
non-function use of dominant seventh

use of Russian folk melody

Non-nationalistic Russian composers

Anton Rubinstein (1829-94)
St. Petersburg Conservatory

Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-93)

ballets
overtures

six symphonies

three piano concerti

Alexander Scriabin (1872-1915)

miniatures
preludes

Czechoslovakia

Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884)
Má vlast I(1872-80)

Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904)

Symphony No. 9 "From the New World"

Norway

Edvard Grieg (1842-1907)
Carl Nielson (1865-1931)

Finland

Jean Sibelius (1865-1957)

Late Romantics in Germany and Austria

Hugo Wolf (1860-1903)
Lieder
Volumes of poetry by Mörike, Eichendorff, and Goethe
Spanisches Liederbucher

Italienisches Liederbucher

Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)

Nine symphonies (incomplete #10)
Kindertotenlieder (1901-04)

Das Lied von der Erde (1908-9)

Richard Strauss (1864-1949)

tone poems
Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche
Also sprach Zarathustra

Klangfarbenmelodien

opera conductor and composer

Salome
Electra

Der Rosenkavalier

Metamorphosen (1948)

United States

Second New England School
James Knowles Paine (1839-1906)
Harvard (1862; 1875)
The Dean of American Composers

Works

operas
choral works

symphonies

organ works

Edward MacDowell (1860-1908)

Columbia (1896)
Character pieces

Woodland Sketches (1896)
To a Wild Rose

Arthur Farwell (1877-1952)

Compositions using Native American Themes
Wa-Wan Press

Amy Cheney (Beach)

Gaelic Symphony (1896)
Mass in Eb (1890)

Arthur Foote (1853-1937)

George Chadwick (1854-1931)

Horatio Parker (1863-1919)